True/False
Indicate whether the
statement is true or false.
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1.
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Copernicus was the first scientist to create a complete model of the solar
system combining physics, astronomy, and mathematics.
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2.
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Brahe was the first astronomer to understand that the planets orbited the sun in
an ellipse.
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3.
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John Locke believed that the purpose of government was to protect people’s
natural rights.
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4.
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In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best form of
government included a separation of powers.
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5.
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European monarchs who embraced Enlightenment ideals had no intention of giving
up their own power.
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6.
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Enlightenment ideals had little or no impact in the new nation known as the
United States.
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7.
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Kepler solved problems with Copernicus’s theories by showing that the
planets orbited the sun in an ellipse, not a circle.
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8.
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Andreas Vesalius dissected the bodies of executed criminals in order to advance
medicine through study of human anatomy.
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9.
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Robert Boyle, often called the father of modern chemistry, was the first chemist
to define an element and also described matter as a cluster of tiny particles.
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10.
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope.
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11.
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In the 1600s, philosophers concluded that reason could be used to solve all
human problems.
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12.
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Rousseau believed that all people in society were equal and should be recognized
as such under the law.
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13.
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Catherine II, inspired by Enlightenment ideas of liberty and justice, freed the
serfs in Russia.
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Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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14.
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The new way of thinking that emerged in the mid-1500s is called the
a. | geocentric theory. | c. | Enlightenment. | b. | Scientific Revolution. | d. | American
Revolution. |
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15.
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Until the Scientific Revolution, the traditional authorities were
a. | Plato and Aristotle. | c. | navigators and explorers. | b. | the Church and
ancient scholars. | d. | Aquinas
and his followers. |
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16.
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Which of the following posed theories that brought him into direct conflict with
the Church?
a. | Francis Bacon | c. | Aristotle | b. | Galileo | d. | Ptolemy |
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17.
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Who argued that people had a right to overthrow a government that does not
protect their natural rights?
a. | Locke | c. | Newton | b. | Voltaire | d. | Hobbes |
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18.
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Who wrote “Man is born free but everywhere is in chains”?
a. | Locke | c. | Rousseau | b. | Montesquieu | d. | Voltaire |
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19.
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How did Hobbes and Rousseau differ?
a. | Rousseau believed in the idea of a social contract; Hobbes did
not. | b. | Rousseau believed an absolute monarchy was essential; Hobbes did
not. | c. | Rousseau believed people were naturally good; Hobbes did not. | d. | Hobbes believed
people needed protection from government; Rousseau did not. |
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20.
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Study the chart titled “The Scientific Method.” Which of the
following phrases belongs in Step 2 in the chart?
a. | Form a hypothesis that can be tested. | c. | Prove or disprove the
hypothesis. | b. | Ask a question. | d. | Observe the natural world. |
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21.
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What led scientists to study the natural world more closely in the
mid-1500s?
a. | a series of natural disasters | c. | the death of
Aristotle | b. | Thomas Paine’s pamphlet | d. | exploration |
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22.
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Which of the following phrases belongs in Step 5 in the chart titled “The
Scientific Method”?
a. | Observe the natural world. | c. | Answer the
question. | b. | Form a conclusion. | d. | Identify a problem. |
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23.
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Which of the following phrases belongs in Step 1 of the chart titled “The
Scientific Method”?
a. | Answer a question. | c. | Perform experiments. | b. | Identify a problem. | d. | Draw a
conclusion. |
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24.
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Which of the following scientists invented the first periodic table?
a. | Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier | c. | Antony van
Leeuwenhoek | b. | Robert Boyle | d. | Galen |
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25.
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Tycho Brahe believed that
a. | the sun, planets, and moon all revolved around the earth. | b. | all planets revolved
around the sun. | c. | the sun revolved around the earth but the other known planets revolved around the
sun. | d. | there was only one planet in the solar system. |
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26.
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Which of the following proposed the geocentric theory?
a. | Aristotle | c. | Galileo | b. | Copernicus | d. | Johannes Kepler |
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27.
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Which of the following published a book supporting the heliocentric
theory?
a. | Copernicus | c. | Descartes | b. | Ptolemy | d. | Galen |
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28.
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What new approach allowed scholars to gain new scientific knowledge?
a. | financing by the Church | c. | universal public
education | b. | the scientific method | d. | the Inquisition |
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29.
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Who wrote that without government, people’s lives were “solitary,
poor, nasty, brutish, and short”?
a. | Locke | c. | Hobbes | b. | Montesquieu | d. | Voltaire |
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30.
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Which of following was written by Denis Diderot in order to promote
knowledge?
a. | the Encyclopedia | c. | Leviathan | b. | Candide | d. | Two Treatises on
Government |
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31.
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In which country were the Enlightenment reforms of Emperor Joseph II opposed by
the church and the nobility?
a. | Japan | c. | Prussia | b. | Russia | d. | Austria |
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“The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it. . . no one ought to
harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. . . Every one. . . may not. . . take away,
or impair. . . the life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another.” Two Treatises on Government, 1690
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32.
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Who wrote the passage from Two Treatises on Government?
a. | Thomas Hobbes | c. | Adam Smith | b. | John Locke | d. | Isaac Newton |
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Completion
Complete each
statement.
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33.
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The ____________________ theory held that the earth was the center of the
universe and that the sun, moon, and planets revolved around it.
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34.
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A new kind of mathematics called ____________________ could be used to predict
the effects of gravity.
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35.
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English physician ____________________ explained the workings of the human
heart.
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36.
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The purpose of the ____________________ by Denis Diderot was to promote
knowledge.
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37.
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During the _________________________, scholars began to challenge traditional
authorities, pose theories about the natural world, and develop procedures to test those
ideas.
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38.
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____________________ was the first scientist to create a complete model of the
solar system combining physics, astronomy, and mathematics.
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39.
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____________________ developed the law of universal gravitation.
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40.
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____________________ argued that people had a right to overthrow a government
that does not protect their natural rights.
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41.
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_________________________ wrote, “Man is born free but everywhere is in
chains.”
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42.
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_________________________ was a philosophe who was imprisoned twice and exiled
from his country during his lifelong struggle for justice, religious toleration, and liberty.
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43.
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In her 1792 book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman,
_________________________ argued that if men and women had equal education, they would be equal in
society.
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44.
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In The Wealth of Nations, author ____________________ argued that the
economy would be stronger if the market forces of supply and demand were allowed to work
freely.
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Matching
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Select the letter of the term, person, or place that matches each
description. Some answers will not be used. a. | philosophes | b. | George
Washington | c. | The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy | d. | Intolerable
Acts | e. | social contract | f. | salons | g. | Stamp
Act | h. | heliocentric theory | i. | supernova | j. | William
Harvey | k. | Age of Reason | l. | Declaration of Independence | m. | geocentric
theory | n. | Leviathan | o. | Starry Messenger | p. | U.S.
Constitution | q. | calculus | r. | Baron de
Montesquieu |
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45.
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Passed as a way for colonists to pay some of the costs of the French and Indian
War
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46.
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A physician who explained the workings of the human heart
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47.
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The Enlightenment
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48.
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Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party
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49.
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Held that the earth was the center of the universe and the sun, moon, and
planets revolved around it
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50.
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Argued that the best form of government included a separation of powers
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51.
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Held that the earth revolves around the sun
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52.
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Led American troops in the War for Independence
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53.
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A distant exploding star that suddenly becomes visible on earth
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54.
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Book describing Galileo’s observations
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55.
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French Enlightenment thinkers
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56.
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The exchange between a society and its government
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57.
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Could be used to predict the effects of gravity
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58.
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Brought together intellectuals in social gatherings to discuss ideas
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59.
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Adopted July 4, 1776
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Short Answer
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60.
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How did Galileo’s trial before the Inquisition in 1633 illustrate
inevitable conflicts between the Church and science during the Renaissance?
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61.
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How did Copernicus’s view of the universe differ from that of
Ptolemy?
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62.
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What led scholars to begin to challenge traditional authorities in the
mid-1500s?
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63.
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Discuss three advances that occurred as a result of the Scientific
Revolution.
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